Als inhibitor herbicide tolerant beta vulgaris mutants

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant  Beta vulgaris  plant and parts thereof comprising a mutation of an endogenous acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, wherein the ALS gene encodes an ALS polypeptide containing an amino acid different from tryptophan at a position 569 of the ALS polypeptide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/821,969, filed 8 Mar. 2013, which is a National Stage entry ofInternational Application No. PCT/EP2011/067925, filed 13 Oct. 2011,which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/394,463,filed 19 Oct. 2010 and European Application No. 10187751.2, filed 15Oct. 2010. The disclosure of the priority applications are incorporatedin their entirety herein by reference.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A COMPLIANT ASCII TEXT FILE(.TXT)

Pursuant to the EFS-Web legal framework and 37 CFR §§ 1.821-825 (seeMPEP § 2442.03(a)), a Sequence Listing in the form of an ASCII-complianttext file (entitled “Sequence_Listing_2923343-035001_ST25.txt” createdon 3 Nov. 2020, and 26,010 bytes in size) is submitted concurrently withthe instant application, and the entire contents of the Sequence Listingare incorporated herein by reference.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

The present invention relates to ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant Betavulgaris plants and parts thereof as well as a method for theirmanufacture.

Cultivated forms of Beta vulgaris (as defined in Ford-Lloyd (2005)Sources of genetic variation, Genus Beta. In: Biancardi E, Campbell L G,Skaracis G N, De Biaggi M (eds) Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet.Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), USA, pp. 25-33) are importantagricultural crops in temperate and subtropical regions. For example,about 20% of the world sugar production is based on sugar beet. Becausebeet seedlings and juvenile plants during their first 6-8 weeks of theirlife are susceptible for strong competition caused by fast growingweeds, which outcompete the young crop plants, reliable weed controlmeasures are imperative in these crop areas.

Since more than 40 years, herbicides are the preferred tools to controlweeds in cultured beets. The products used for this purpose, likephenmedipham, desmediphan and metamitron allow to suppress the growth ofweeds in beet fields without damaging the crop. Nevertheless underadverse environmental conditions the efficacy of these products leavesroom for improvements, especially if noxious weeds like Chenopodiumalbum, Amaranthus retroflexus and/or Tripleurospermum inodoratagerminate over an extended period of time.

Innovative herbicidal active ingredients are highly desirable in orderto improve the weed control options in beet. Such compounds should actagainst a broad weed spectrum, preferably from weed germination untilfull development of the weed plants, without affecting the beet cropirrespective of its developmental stage. Via the classical herbicidescreening approach no selective herbicidal active ingredient wasdiscovered for beet during the past decades which fulfils all thesestringent properties in an agronomically superior way.

Some chemicals inhibit the enzyme “acetohydroxyacid synthase” (AHAS),also known as “acetolactate synthase” (ALS [EC 4.1.3.18]). ALS is thesite of action of five structurally diverse herbicide families belongingto the class of ALS inhibitor herbicides, like (a) sulfonylureaherbicides (Beyer E. M et al. (1988), Sulfonylureas in Herbicides:Chemistry, Degradation, and Mode of Action; Marcel Dekker, New York,1988, 117-189), (b) sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides(Pontzen, R., Pflanz.-Nachrichten Bayer, 2002, 55, 37-52), (c)imidazolinone herbicides (Shaner, D. L., et al., Plant Physiol., 1984,76, 545-546; Shaner, D. L., and O'Connor, S. L. (Eds.) The ImidazolinoneHerbicides, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1991), (d) triazolopyrimidineherbicides (Kleschick, W. A. et al., Agric. Food Chem., 1992, 40,1083-1085), and (e) pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate herbicides (Shimizu, T.J., Pestic. Sci., 1997, 22, 245-256; Shimizu, T. et al., AcetolactateSyntehase Inhibitors in Herbicide Classes in Development, Böger, P.,Wakabayashi, K., Hirai, K., (Eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2002,1-41).

ALS is involved in the conversion of two pyruvate molecules to anacetolactate molecule and carbon dioxide. The reaction uses thyaminepyrophosphate in order to link the two pyruvate molecules. The resultingproduct of this reaction, acetolactate, eventually becomes valine,leucine and isoleucine (Singh (1999) “Biosynthesis of valine, leucineand isoleucine”, in Plant Amino Acids, Singh, B. K., ed., Marcel DekkerInc. New York, N.Y., pp. 227-247).

Inhibitors of the ALS interrupt the biosynthesis of valine, leucine andisoleucine in plants. The consequence is an immediate depletion of therespective amino acid pools causing a stop of protein biosynthesisleading to a cessation of plant growth and eventually the plant dies,or—at least—is damaged.

ALS inhibitor herbicides are widely used in modern agriculture due totheir effectiveness at moderate application rates and relativenon-toxicity in animals. By inhibiting ALS activity, these families ofherbicides prevent further growth and development of susceptible plantsincluding many weed species. In order to provide plants with anincreased tolerance to even high concentrations of ALS inhibitorherbicides that may be required for sufficient weed control, additionalALS-inhibiting herbicide-resistant breeding lines and varieties of cropplants, as well as methods and compositions for the production and useof ALS inhibiting herbicide-resistant breeding lines and varieties, areneeded.

A broad variety of ALS inhibitor herbicides enable a farmer to control awide range of weed species independently of their growth stages, butthese highly efficient herbicides cannot be used in beet becauseconventional beet plants/commercial beet varieties are highlysusceptible against these ALS inhibitor herbicides. Nevertheless, theseALS inhibitor herbicides show an excellent herbicidal activity againstbroadleaf and grass weed species. The first herbicides having the modeof action of inhibiting the ALS were developed for their use inagriculture already 30 years ago. Nowadays, active ingredients of thisclass of herbicides exhibit a strong weed control and are widely used inmaize and cereals as well as in dicotyledonous crops, except beet.

The only ALS inhibitor herbicide that is known today to be applied inpost-emergent application schemes in beet is Debut. This herbicide(containing triflusulfuron-methyl as the active ingredient plus specificformulation compounds) is degraded by beets before it can inhibit thebeet endogenous ALS enzyme but it has severe gaps in weed control inbeet growing areas.

Since ALS inhibitor herbicides were introduced into agriculture it wasobserved that susceptible plant species, including naturally occurringweeds, occasionally develop spontaneous tolerance to this class ofherbicides. Single base pair substitutions at specific sites of the ALSgene usually lead to more or less resistant ALS enzyme variants whichshow different levels of inhibition by the ALS inhibitor herbicides.

Plants conferring mutant ALS alleles therefore show different levels oftolerance to ALS inhibitor herbicides, depending on the chemicalstructure of the ALS inhibitor herbicide and the site of the pointmutation in the ALS gene.

For example, Hattori et al. (1995), Mol. Gen. Genet. 246: 419-425,describes a single mutation in the Trp 557 codon in a Brassica napuscell line (according to the numbering of the Arabidopsis thalianasequence that is used in the literature in order to compare all ALS/AHASmutants this refers to position “574”)—which equals position 569 of thebeet ALS sequence. These authors observed resistance to several membersof sub-classes of ALS inhibitor herbicides, like sulfonylureas,imidazolinones and triazolopyrimidines.

Beet mutants were described conferring a point mutation in the Ala 122codon which led to a certain tolerance to the ALS inhibitor herbicidesubclass of imidazolinones (WO 98/02526) but which is not sufficient forweed control in agricultural application schemes. No cross-tolerance toother ALS inhibitor herbicide classes were described by employing thismutant. Furthermore, beet plants conferring a second point mutation inthe Pro 197 codon showed a moderate tolerance to ALS inhibitorherbicides belonging to members of the subclass of sulfonylureaherbicides. Also double mutants of these two were described (WO98/02527). However, none of these mutants were used for the marketintroduction of beet varieties because the level of herbicide toleranceto ALS inhibitor herbicides was not sufficiently high in these mutantsto be exploited agronomically.

Stougaard et al. (1990), J. Cell Biochem., Suppl. 14E, 310 describe theisolation of ALS mutants in a tetraploid sugar beet cell culture. Twodifferent ALS genes (ALS I and ALS II) were isolated which differed atamino acid position 37 only. Mutant 1 contained in its ALS I gene 2mutations, while mutant 2 contained 3 mutations in its ALS II gene.After the mutations were separated to resolve which mutation wouldconfer resistance against an ALS inhibitor, it was revealed that ALSsynthesized from a recombinant E. coli was herbicide resistant if itcontained a point mutation in the Trp 574 codon (according to thenumbering of the Arabidopsis thaliana sequence that is used in theliterature in order to compare all ALS mutants)—which equals position569 of the beet ALS sequence, leading to a replacement of the amino acid“Trp” by the amino acid “Leu”. Stougaard et al did not show in sugarbeet that the mutation at position 569 of any of the sugar beet ALSgenes is sufficient in order to obtain an acceptable level of toleranceto ALS inhibitor herbicides. Moreover, Stougaard et al did notregenerate or handle sugar beet plants comprising a mutation, includingTrp->Leu mutation at position 569 of sugar beet ALS.

Knowing this, Stougaard et al. constructed plant transformation vectorscontaining different ALS genes for use in plant transformation. However,up to now, no further data—especially not concerning the effects of theapplication of ALS inhibitor herbicides to plants and/or agriculturalareas comprising this mutation in Beta vulgaris plants have beendisclosed by these or other authors either in genetically engineered ormutant plants over more than 20 years, thereafter.

WO 99/57965 generally describes sulfonylurea resistant sugar beet plantsand methods for obtaining them by EMS (Ethylmethanesulfonate)mutagenesis. However, apart from the research that is required to obtainsuch mutants, this publication does neither provide such plants, nordescribes any specific location in the ALS gene that may be relevant forobtaining ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant mutants, nor discloses anycorrelated agronomical use of such. Furthermore, there is a stronglikelihood that—by employing such strong mutagenic compound likeEMS—various further mutations may occur elsewhere in the genome andwhich might lead to disadvantages up to non-fertility and/or growthretardation of such obtained plants. Moreover, due to its chemicalinteraction with the DNA, the EMS application may have gaps of inducingspecific mutations, like converting the triplet TGG into TTG, becauseEMS always converts a guanosine into an adenosine.

In some weed species as Amaranthus, the Trp 574 Leu mutation could bedetected in plant populations which were repeatedly exposed to ALSinhibitor herbicides. These Trp 574 Leu mutants show a high level oftolerance to several chemical classes of ALS inhibitor herbicides, likethose selected from the group consisting of sulfonylureas andsulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones.

WO 2008/124495 discloses ALS double and triple mutants. According to WO2009/046334, specific mutations in the ALS gene were provided. However,agronomically exploitable herbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris mutantscontaining such mutations according to WO 2009/046334 have not beenobtained so far.

Moreover, in view of the fact that, for example, sugar beet accounts forabout 20% of the world sugar production, it would also be highlydesirable to have available sugar beet plants which have a growthadvantage versus highly potent weeds. It would thus be highly desirableto have available, with respect to the ALS gene, non-transgenic Betavulgaris plants including sugar beet plants which are tolerant to ALSinhibitor herbicides. Hence, there is a need for such non-transgenicBeta vulgaris plants, in particular sugar beet plants which are tolerantto ALS inhibitor herbicides at an agronomically exploitable level of ALSinhibitor herbicides.

Thus, the technical problem is to comply with this need.

SUMMARY

The present invention addresses this need and thus provides as asolution to the technical problem an ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerantBeta vulgaris plant and parts thereof comprising a mutation of anendogenous acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, wherein the ALS geneencodes an ALS polypeptide containing an amino acid different fromtryptophan at a position 569 of the ALS polypeptide.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Seeds according to present invention have been deposited with the NCIMB,Aberdeen, UK, under Number NCIMB 41705 on Mar. 12, 2010.

By applying various breeding methods, high yielding commercial varietieshighly competitive in all specific markets with the add-on of a robustALS inhibitor herbicide tolerance can be developed subsequently by usingthe originally obtained mutant plants.

It must be noted that as used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and“the”, include plural references unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a reagent” includes one ormore of such different reagents and reference to “the method” includesreference to equivalent steps and methods known to those of ordinaryskill in the art that could be modified or substituted for the methodsdescribed herein.

All publications and patents cited in this disclosure are incorporatedby reference in their entirety. To the extent the material incorporatedby reference contradicts or is inconsistent with this specification, thespecification will supersede any such material.

Unless otherwise indicated, the term “at least” preceding a series ofelements is to be understood to refer to every element in the series.Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents areintended to be encompassed by the present invention.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless thecontext requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as“comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusionof a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not theexclusion of any other integer or step or group of integer or step. Theword “comprise” and its variations on the one side and “contain” and itsanalogous variations on the other side can be used interchangeablywithout a preference to any of them.

In the present invention, beet plants were obtained which comprise analtered endogenous ALS gene (also referred to as “AHAS” gene), carryinga point mutation in the Trp 569 codon (in relation to the Beta vulgarisALS amino acid reference sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; this equalsposition 574 of the referenced Arabidopsis thaliana sequence as shown inSEQ ID NO: 6) and which point mutation was obtained by several circlesof selection on specifically elected ALS inhibitor herbicides.

Due to the fact that the B. vulgaris plants of the present inventionwere obtained by isolating spontaneous mutant plant cells, which weredirectly regenerated to fully fertile beet plants having a pointmutation as described herein in more detail. These plants arenon-transgenic as far as the ALS gene is concerned.

Moreover, the plants of the present invention themselves as well astheir offspring are fertile and thus useful for breeding purposeswithout any further manipulation that may cause stress induced furtheralterations of the genetic background. Such plants obtained according tothe selection procedure applied herein can directly be employed in orderto generate beet varieties and/or hybrids conferring agronomicallyuseful levels of tolerance to ALS inhibitor herbicides, thus allowinginnovative weed control measures in beet growing areas.

When used herein, the term “transgenic” means that a gene—which can beof the same or a different species—has been introduced via anappropriate biological carrier, like Agrobacterium tumefaciens or by anyother physical means, like protoplast transformation or particlebombardment, into a plant and which gene is able to be expressed in thenew host environment, namely the genetically modified organism (GMO).

In accordance to the before definition, the term “non-transgenic” meansexactly the contrary, i.e. that no introduction of the respective genehas occurred via an appropriate biological carrier or by any otherphysical means. However, a mutated gene can be transferred throughpollination, either naturally or via a breeding process to produceanother non-transgenic plant concerning this specific gene.

An “endogenous” gene means a gene of a plant which has not beenintroduced into the plant by genetic engineering techniques.

The term “sequence” when used herein relates to nucleotide sequence(s),polynucleotide(s), nucleic acid sequence(s), nucleic acid(s), nucleicacid molecule, peptides, polypeptides and proteins, depending on thecontext in which the term “sequence” is used.

The terms “nucleotide sequence(s)”, “polynucleotide(s)”, “nucleic acidsequence(s)”, “nucleic acid(s)”, “nucleic acid molecule” are usedinterchangeably herein and refer to nucleotides, either ribonucleotidesor deoxyribonucleotides or a combination of both, in a polymericunbranched form of any length. Nucleic acid sequences include DNA, cDNA,genomic DNA, RNA, synthetic forms and mixed polymers, both sense andantisense strands, or may contain non-natural or derivatized nucleotidebases, as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.

When used herein, the term “polypeptide” or “protein” (both terms areused interchangeably herein) means a peptide, a protein, or apolypeptide which encompasses amino acid chains of a given length,wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.However, peptidomimetics of such proteins/polypeptides wherein aminoacid(s) and/or peptide bond(s) have been replaced by functional analogsare also encompassed by the invention as well as other than the 20gene-encoded amino acids, such as selenocysteine. Peptides,oligopeptides and proteins may be termed polypeptides. The termpolypeptide also refers to, and does not exclude, modifications of thepolypeptide, e.g., glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and thelike. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in moredetailed monographs, as well as in the research literature. Thepolypeptide (or protein) that is preferably meant herein is the B.vulgaris ALS polypeptide (or ALS protein) [SEQ ID NO: 2].

Amino acid substitutions encompass amino acid alterations in which anamino acid is replaced with a different naturally-occurring amino acidresidue. Such substitutions may be classified as “conservative’, inwhich an amino acid residue contained in the wild-type ALS protein isreplaced with another naturally-occurring amino acid of similarcharacter, for example Gly↔Ala. Val↔Ile↔Leu, Asp↔Glu, Lys↔Arg, Asn↔Glnor Phe↔Trp↔Tyr. Substitutions encompassed by the present invention mayalso be “non-conservative”, in which an amino acid residue which ispresent in the wild-type ALS protein is substituted with an amino acidwith different properties, such as a naturally-occurring amino acid froma different group (e.g. substituting a charged or hydrophobic amino acidwith alanine. “Similar amino acids”, as used herein, refers to aminoacids that have similar amino acid side chains, i.e. amino acids thathave polar, non-polar or practically neutral side chains. “Non-similaramino acids”, as used herein, refers to amino acids that have differentamino acid side chains, for example an amino acid with a polar sidechain is non-similar to an amino acid with a non-polar side chain. Polarside chains usually tend to be present on the surface of a protein wherethey can interact with the aqueous environment found in cells(“hydrophilic” amino acids). On the other hand, “non-polar” amino acidstend to reside within the center of the protein where they can interactwith similar non-polar neighbours (“hydrophobic” amino acids”). Examplesof amino acids that have polar side chains are arginine, asparagine,aspartate, cysteine, glutamine, glutamate, histidine, lysine, serine,and threonine (all hydrophilic, except for cysteine which ishydrophobic). Examples of amino acids that have non-polar side chainsare alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine,proline, and tryptophan (all hydrophobic, except for glycine which isneutral).

Generally, the skilled person knows, because of his common generalknowledge and the context when the terms ALS, ALSL, AHAS or AHASL areused, as to whether the nucleotide sequence or nucleic acid, or theamino acid sequence or polypeptide, respectively, is meant.

The term “gene” when used herein refers to a polymeric form ofnucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides ordesoxyribonucleotides. The term includes double- and single-stranded DNAand RNA. It also includes known types of modifications, for example,methylation, “caps”, substitutions of one or more of the naturallyoccurring nucleotides with an analog. Preferably, a gene comprises acoding sequence encoding the herein defined polypeptide. A “codingsequence” is a nucleotide sequence which is transcribed into mRNA and/ortranslated into a polypeptide when placed or being under the control ofappropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequenceare determined by a translation start codon at the 5′-terminus and atranslation stop codon at the 3′-terminus. A coding sequence caninclude, but is not limited to mRNA, cDNA, recombinant nucleic acidsequences or genomic DNA, while introns may be present as well undercertain circumstances. When used herein the term “Beta vulgaris” isabbreviated as “B. vulgaris”.

Furthermore, the term “beet” is used herein. Said three terms areinterchangeably used and should be understood to fully comprise thecultivated forms of Beta vulgaris as defined in Ford-Lloyd (2005)Sources of genetic variation, Genus Beta. In: Biancardi E, Campbell L G,Skaracis G N, De Biaggi M (eds) Genetics and Breeding of Sugar Beet.Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), USA, pp 25-33. Similarly, for example,the term “Arabidopsis thaliana” is abbreviated as “A. thaliana”. Bothterms are interchangeably used herein.

The term “position” when used in accordance with the present inventionmeans the position of either an amino acid within an amino acid sequencedepicted herein or the position of a nucleotide within a nucleotidesequence depicted herein. The term “corresponding” as used herein alsoincludes that a position is not only determined by the number of thepreceding nucleotides/amino acids.

The position of a given nucleotide in accordance with the presentinvention which may be substituted may vary due to deletions oradditional nucleotides elsewhere in the ALS 5′-untranslated region (UTR)including the promoter and/or any other regulatory sequences or gene(including exons and introns). Similarly, the position of a given aminoacid in accordance with the present invention which may be substitutedmay vary due to deletion or addition of amino acids elsewhere in the ALSpolypeptide.

Thus, under a “corresponding position” in accordance with the presentinvention it is to be understood that nucleotides/amino acids may differin the indicated number but may still have similar neighbouringnucleotides/amino acids. Said nucleotides/amino acids which may beexchanged, deleted or added are also comprised by the term“corresponding position”.

In order to determine whether a nucleotide residue or amino acid residuein a given ALS nucleotide/amino acid sequence corresponds to a certainposition in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the skilled person can use means and methodswell-known in the art, e.g., alignments, either manually or by usingcomputer programs such as BLAST (Altschul et al. (1990), Journal ofMolecular Biology, 215, 403-410), which stands for Basic Local AlignmentSearch Tool or ClustalW (Thompson et al. (1994), Nucleic Acid Res., 22,4673-4680) or any other suitable program which is suitable to generatesequence alignments.

SEQ ID NO: 1 is the nucleotide sequence encoding Beta vulgaris wild typeALS. SEQ ID NO: 2 is the Beta vulgaris amino acid sequence derived fromSEQ ID NO: 1. Accordingly, the codon at position 1705-1707 of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 encodes the amino acid at position569 (i.e. the amino acid “Trp” according to the three letter code or “W”according to the one letter code) of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In the alternative to determine whether a nucleotide residue or aminoacid residue in a given ALS nucleotide/amino acid sequence correspondsto a certain position in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, thenucleotide sequence encoding A. thaliana wild type ALS shown in SEQ IDNO: 5 can be used. SEQ ID NO: 6 is the A. thaliana amino acid sequencederived from SEQ ID NO: 5.

Accordingly, the codon at position 1720-1722 of the nucleotide sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 5 encodes the amino acid at position 574 (i,e, the aminoacid “Trp” according to the three letter code or “W” according to theone letter code) of SEQ ID NO. 6.

If the A. thaliana wild type ALS nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:5 is used as reference sequence (as it is done in most of the relevantliterature and, therefore, is used to enable an easier comparison tosuch known sequences), the codon encoding an amino acid different fromtryptophan is at a position corresponding to position 1720-1722 of thenucleotide sequence of the A. thaliana ALS gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 5.

However, SEQ ID NO: 1 is preferred as the reference nucleotide sequenceand SEQ ID NO: 2 is preferred as the reference amino acid sequence inall of the subsequent disclosures.

The following table provides an overview on the reference sequences usedherein when the position of the point mutation in a nucleotide sequenceor the substitution in an amino acid sequence is determined:

SEQ ID NO: Type of Sequence Species 1 nucleotide sequence B. vulgaris 2amino acid sequence B. vulgaris 3 nucleotide sequence B. vulgaris(mutated) 4 amino acid sequence B. vulgaris (mutated) 5 nucleotidesequence A. thaliana 6 amino acid sequence A. thaliana

Thus, in any event, the equivalent position could still be determinedthrough alignment with a reference sequence, such as SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5(nucleotide sequence) or SEQ ID NO: 2 or 6 (amino acid sequence).

In view of the difference between the B. vulgaris wild-type ALS gene andthe ALS gene comprised by a B. vulgaris plant of the present invention,the ALS gene (or polynucleotide or nucleotide sequence) comprised by aB. vulgaris plant of the present invention may also be regarded as a“mutant ALS gene”, “mutant ALS allele”, “mutant ALS polynucleotide” orthe like. Thus, throughout the specification, the terms “mutant allele”,“mutant ALS allele”, “mutant ALS gene” or “mutant ALS polynucleotide”are used interchangeably.

Unless indicated otherwise herein, these terms refer to a nucleotidesequence that comprises a codon encoding an amino acid different fromtryptophan at a position corresponding to position 1705-1707 of thenucleotide sequence of the B. vulgaris ALS gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.When set in relation to the A. thaliana reference sequence shown in SEQID NO: 5, the position of the codon is 1720-1722.

Likewise, these terms refer to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ALSprotein having at a position corresponding to position 569 of the aminoacid sequence of the Beta vulgaris ALS protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 anamino acid different from tryptophan. When set in relation to the A.thaliana reference sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, the position is 574.

An “amino acid different from tryptophan” (indicated by “Trp” in thethree letter code or “W” in the equivalently used one letter code)includes any naturally-occurring amino acid different from tryptophan.These naturally-occurring amino acids include alanine (A), arginine (R),asparagine (N), aspartate (D), cysteine (C), glutamine (Q), glutamate(E), glycine (G), histidine (H), isoleucine (I), leucine (L), lysine(K), methionine (M), phenylalanine (F), proline (P), serine (S),threonine (T), tyrosine (Y) or valine (V).

However, preferably, the amino acid different from tryptophan (belongingto the group of neutral-polar amino acids) is an amino acid withphysico-chemical properties different from tryptophan, i.e. belonging toany of the amino acids showing neutral-nonpolar, acidic, or basicproperties. More preferably, the amino acid different from tryptophan isselected from the group consisting of alanine, glycine, isoleucine,leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, valine, and arginine. Evenmore preferably, said amino acid is a neutral-nonpolar amino acid suchas alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine,proline or valine. Particularly preferred said amino acid is alanine,glycine, isoleucine, leucine, valine. Even more preferred is glycine andleucine. Most preferably, it is leucine.

In contrast, unless indicated otherwise, the terms “wild-type allele,”“wild-type ALS allele”, “wild-type ALS gene” or “wild-type ALSpolynucleotide” refer to a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ALSprotein that lacks the W569 substitution in relation to SEQ ID NO: 2 (orW574 substitution in relation to SEQ ID NO: 6). These terms also referto a nucleotide sequence comprising at a position corresponding toposition 1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequence of the B. vulgaris ALSgene shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, a codon encoding an amino acid differentfrom tryptophan.

Such a “wild-type allele”, “wild-type ALS allele”, “wild-type ALS gene”or “wild-type ALS polynucleotide” may, or may not, comprise mutations,other than the mutation that causes the W569 substitution.

In essence, as regards the ALS gene, the only difference between awild-type B. vulgaris plant and the B. vulgaris plant of the presentinvention is preferably (and specifically) that at a position asspecified herein (in particular at a position corresponding to position1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequence of the B. vulgaris ALS gene shownin SEQ ID NO: 1), the B. vulgaris plant of the present inventioncomprises a codon encoding an amino acid different from tryptophan,preferably the codon encodes an amino acid as specified hereinelsewhere. However, as mentioned above, further differences such asadditional mutations may be present between wild-type and the mutant ALSallele as specified herein. Yet, these further differences are notrelevant as long as the difference explained before is present.

Consequently, the W569 substitution (or W574 substitution when the A.thaliana ALS amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 is used as reference)is a result of an alteration of the codon at a position corresponding toposition 1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (orat a position corresponding to position 1720-1722 of the nucleotidesequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, respectively).

Preferably, the substitution at position 569 is a W-+L substitution,wherein “L” is encoded by any of the codons “CTT”, “CTC”, “CTA”, “CTG”,“TTA” or “TTG”.

Most preferably, the substitution at position 569 is a W→L substitution,because of a transversion of the “G” nucleotide at a positioncorresponding to position 1706 of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQID NO: 1 (or at a position corresponding to position 1721 of thenucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, respectively), to a “T”nucleotide. Accordingly, the codon at a position corresponding toposition 1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 (orat a position corresponding to position 1720-1722 of the nucleotidesequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, respectively) is changed from “TGG” to“TTG”. While the codon “TGG” encodes tryptophan, the codon “TTG” encodesleucine.

Hence, in the most preferred embodiment, the present invention providesa Beta vulgaris plant comprising in the nucleotide sequence of theendogenous ALS gene, the codon TTG (encoding leucine) at a positioncorresponding to position 1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequence of the B.vulgaris ALS mutant gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, said nucleotide sequencecomprising (or less preferably consisting of) SEQ ID NO: 3.

The B. vulgaris plants encoding an ALS polypeptide having at a positioncorresponding to position 569 of the amino acid sequence of the Betavulgaris ALS protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 an amino acid different fromtryptophan, preferably comprise in the nucleotide sequence of theendogenous ALS gene a codon encoding an amino acid different fromtryptophan at a position corresponding to position 1705-1707 of thenucleotide sequence of the B. vulgaris ALS gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

The term B. vulgaris “ALS” or “AHAS” gene also includes B. vulgarisnucleotide sequences which are at least 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% identicalto the B. vulgaris ALS nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, whereinthese 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% identical nucleotide sequencescomprise at a position corresponding to position 1705-1707 of thenucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 a codon encoding an amino aciddifferent from tryptophan.

Likewise, these at least 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% identical nucleotidesequences encode an ALS polypeptide comprising at a positioncorresponding to position 569 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an amino acid differentfrom tryptophan. Said identical nucleotide sequences encode an ALSprotein which retains the activity as described herein, more preferablythe thus-encoded ALS polypeptide is tolerant to one or more ALSinhibitor herbicides as described herein. Said term also includesallelic variants and homologs encoding an ALS polypeptide which ispreferably tolerant to one or more ALS inhibitor herbicides as describedherein.

In order to determine whether a nucleic acid sequence has a certaindegree of identity to the nucleotide sequences of the present invention,the skilled person can use means and methods well-known in the art,e.g., alignments, either manually or by using computer programs such asthose mentioned further down below in connection with the definition ofthe term “hybridization” and degrees of homology.

For example, BLAST, which stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(Altschul, Nucl. Acids Res. 25 (1997), 3389-3402; Altschul, J. Mol.Evol. 36 (1993), 290-300; Altschul, J. Mol. Biol. 215 (1990), 403-410),can be used to search for local sequence alignments. BLAST producesalignments of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences to determinesequence similarity. Because of the local nature of the alignments,BLAST is especially useful in determining exact matches or inidentifying similar sequences. The fundamental unit of BLAST algorithmoutput is the High-scoring Segment Pair (HSP). An HSP consists of twosequence fragments of arbitrary but equal lengths whose alignment islocally maximal and for which the alignment score meets or exceeds athreshold or cutoff score set by the user. The BLAST approach is to lookfor HSPs between a query sequence and a database sequence, to evaluatethe statistical significance of any matches found, and to report onlythose matches which satisfy the user-selected threshold of significance.The parameter E establishes the statistically significant threshold forreporting database sequence matches. E is interpreted as the upper boundof the expected frequency of chance occurrence of an HSP (or set ofHSPs) within the context of the entire database search. Any databasesequence whose match satisfies E is reported in the program output.

Analogous computer techniques using BLAST (Altschul (1997), loc. cit.;Altschul (1993), loc. cit.; Altschul (1990), loc. cit.) are used tosearch for identical or related molecules in nucleotide databases suchas GenBank or EMBL. This analysis is much faster than multiplemembrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of thecomputer search can be modified to determine whether any particularmatch is categorized as exact or similar. The basis of the search is theproduct score which is defined as:

$\frac{\% \mspace{14mu} {sequence}\mspace{14mu} {identity} \times \% \mspace{14mu} {maximum}\mspace{14mu} {BLAST}\mspace{14mu} {score}}{100}$

and it takes into account both the degree of similarity between twosequences and the length of the sequence match. For example, with aproduct score of 40, the match will be exact within a 1-2% error; and at70, the match will be exact. Similar molecules are usually identified byselecting those which show product scores between 15 and 40, althoughlower scores may identify related molecules.

The term B. vulgaris “ALS” or “AHAS” polypeptide also includes aminoacid sequences which are at least 90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% identical tothe ALS amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4, wherein these at least90, 95, 97, 98, or 99% identical amino acid sequences comprising at aposition corresponding to position 569 of SEQ ID NO: 2 an amino aciddifferent from tryptophan. Said identical amino acid sequences retainthe activity of ALS as described herein, more preferably the ALSpolypeptide is tolerant to ALS inhibitor herbicides as described herein.ALS activity, if required, can be measured in accordance with the assaydescribed in Singh (1991), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:4572-4576.

However, the ALS nucleotide sequences referred to herein encoding an ALSpolypeptide preferably confer tolerance to one or more ALS inhibitorherbicides (or, vice versa, less sensitivity to an ALS inhibitorherbicide) as described herein. This is because of the point mutationleading to an amino acid substitution as described herein.

Accordingly, tolerance to an ALS inhibitor herbicide (or, vice versa,less sensitivity to an ALS inhibitor herbicide) can be measured bycomparison of ALS activity obtained from cell extracts from plantscontaining the mutated ALS sequence and from plants lacking the mutatedALS sequence in the presence of an ALS-inhibitor herbicide, like it isdescribed in Singh et al (1988) [J. Chromatogr., 444, 251-261].

However, a more preferred activity assay for the ALS polypeptide encodedby a nucleotide sequence comprising a codon encoding an amino aciddifferent from tryptophan at a position corresponding to position1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequence of the B. vulgaris ALS gene shownin SEQ ID NO: 1 can be done as follows:

The coding sequence of a Beta vulgaris wild-type and a mutant B.vulgaris plant is cloned into, for example, Novagen pET-32a(+) vectorsand the vectors are transformed into, for example, Escherichia coliAD494 according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Bacteria arepreferably grown at 37° C. in medium under selection pressure such as inLB-medium containing 100 mg/l carbenicillin and 25 mg/l kanamycin, areinduced with, for example, 1 mM isopropyl-s-D-thiogalactopyranoside atan OD₆₀₀ of preferably about 0.6, cultivated for about 16 hours atpreferably 18° C. and harvested by centrifugation. Bacterial pellets areresuspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mMthiamine-pyrophosphate, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 1 μM FAD at a concentration of 1gram wet weight per 25 ml of buffer and disrupted by sonification. Thecrude protein extract obtained after centrifugation is used for ALSactivity measurements.

ALS assays are then carried out in, for example, 96-well microtiterplates using a modification of the procedure described by Ray (1984),Plant Physiol., 75, 827-831. The reaction mixture contains preferably 20mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 20 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.45 mMthiamine-pyrophosphate, 0.45 mM MgCl₂, 9 μM FAD, ALS enzyme and variousconcentrations of ALS inhibitors in a final volume of about 90 μl.

Assays are initiated by adding enzyme and terminated after preferably 75min incubation at 30° C. by the addition of 40 μl 0.5 M H₂SO₄. Afterabout 60 min at room temperature about 80 μl of a solution of 1.4%α-naphthol and 0.14% creatine in 0.7 M NaOH is added and after anadditional about 45 min incubation at room temperature the absorbance isdetermined at 540 nm. pI50-values for inhibition of ALS were determinedas described by Ray (1984)), Plant Physiol., 75, 827-831, using theXLFit Excel add-in version 4.3.1 curve fitting program of ID BusinessSolutions Limited, Guildford, UK.

When plants are used, ALS activity is preferably determined in cellextracts or leaf extracts of wild type and B. vulgaris cell extracts orleaf extracts of the obtained mutant in the presence of variousconcentrations of ALS-inhibitor herbicides, preferably sulfonylureaherbicides or sulfonylamino-carbonyltriazolinone herbicides, morepreferably in the presence of various concentrations of the ALSinhibitor herbicide “foramsulfuron”. ALS is thus preferably extractedfrom sugar beet leaves or sugar beet tissue cultures as described by Ray(1984) in Plant Physiol 75:827-831.

It is preferred that the B. vulgaris plants of the present invention areless sensitive to an ALS inhibitor, more preferably it is at least 100times less sensitive, more preferably, 500 times, even more preferably1000 times and most preferably less than 2000 times. Less sensitive whenused herein may, vice versa, be seen as “more tolerable” or “moreresistant”. Similarly, “more tolerable” or “more resistant” may, viceversa, be seen as “less sensitive”.

For example, the B. vulgaris plants of the present invention and inparticular the B. vulgaris plant described in the appended Examplesare/is at least 2000 times less sensitive to the ALS inhibitor herbicideforamsulfuron (a member of the ALS inhibitor subclass “sulfonylureaherbicides”) compared to the wild type enzyme.

Preferably, the B. vulgaris plants of the present invention are lesssensitive to various members of ALS inhibitor herbicides, likesulfonylurea herbicides, sulfonylamino-carbonyltriazolinone herbicides,and imidazolinone herbicides. Sulfonylurea herbicides andsulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides against which said plantsare less sensitive are preferably selected. In a particular preferredembodiment, the B. vulgaris plants of the present invention are lesssensitive to the ALS inhibitor herbicide formasulfuron (sulfonylureaherbicide) either alone or in combination with one or more further ALSinhibitor herbicides either from the subclass of thesulfonyurea-herbicides or any other sub-class of the ALS inhibitorherbicides.

Hence, the B. vulgaris plants of the present invention which arepreferably less sensitive to an ALS inhibitor herbicide can likewisealso be characterized to be “more tolerant” to an ALS inhibitor” (i.e.an ALS inhibitor tolerant plant).

Thus, an “ALS inhibitor tolerant” plant refers to a plant, in particulara B. vulgaris plant that is more tolerant to at least one ALS inhibitorherbicide at a level that would normally inhibit the growth of a normalor wild-type plant, preferably the ALS inhibitor herbicide controls anormal or wild-type plant. Said normal or wild-type plant does notcomprise in the nucleotide sequence of any allele of the endogenous ALSgene, a codon encoding an amino acid different from tryptophan at aposition corresponding to position 1705-1707 of the nucleotide sequenceof the B. vulgaris ALS gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

Said nucleotide sequence may generally also be characterized to be an“ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant” nucleotide sequence. By “ALSinhibitor herbicide tolerant nucleotide sequence” is intended a nucleicacid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising at least themutation that results in a codon encoding an amino acid different fromtryptophan relative to an ALS protein which does not have at a positioncorresponding to position 569 of the amino acid sequence of the B.vulgaris ALS protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 an amino acid different fromtryptophan, wherein said at least one mutation results in the expressionof a less sensitive to an ALS inhibitor herbicide ALS protein.

By “herbicide-tolerant ALS protein”, it is intended that such an ALSprotein displays higher ALS activity, relative to the ALS activity of awild-type ALS protein, in the presence of at least one ALS inhibitorherbicide that is known to interfere with ALS activity and at aconcentration or level of said herbicide that is known to inhibit theALS activity of the wild-type ALS protein.

Similarly, the terms “ALS-inhibitor herbicide(s)” or simply“ALS-inhibitor(s)” are used interchangeably. As used herein, an“ALS-inhibitor herbicide” or an “ALS inhibitor” is not meant to belimited to single herbicide that interferes with the activity of the ALSenzyme. Thus, unless otherwise stated or evident from the context, an“ALS-inhibitor herbicide” or an “ALS inhibitor” can be a one herbicideor a mixture of two, three, four, or more herbicides known in the art,preferably as specified herein, each of which interferes with theactivity of the ALS enzyme.

Surprisingly, it was found that even the single point mutation accordingto the present invention confers agronomically useful and stable levelsof ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerance in B. vulgaris plants as well as intheir offsprings, particularly, if homozygocity is established. Comparedto herbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris plants of the same geneticbackground in which such mutation is only heterozygously present, theherbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris plants which are homozygous for themutation revealed a better agronomical level of ALS inhibitor herbicidetolerance.

Therefore, present invention relates to an ALS inhibitor herbicidetolerant Beta vulgaris plant having a mutation of the endogenousacetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, wherein the ALS gene encodes an ALSpolypeptide containing an amino acid different from tryptophan at aposition 569 of the ALS polypeptide. The respective mutation can beheterozygously present, and can preferably be the sole mutation of theALS gene. More preferably, the respective mutation can be homozygouslypresent, and most preferably, the respective mutation is homozygouslypresent as the sole mutation of the endogenous ALS gene.

It could also not be expected that only one single mutation of an ALSgene in Beta vulgaris would be sufficient, since, for example, WO2010/037061 teaches that double or triple mutants in the ALS gene arenecessary to confer the agromically useful ALS-inhibitor herbicidetolerance.

Therefore, B. vulgaris plants and parts thereof which are heterozygousfor the mutation are less preferred, but are still covered by thepresent invention and may be sufficient for certain application schemesand/or certain environment conditions. Also covered by the presentinvention are plants containing at least in one allele of the endogenousALS gene, a codon encoding an amino acid different from tryptophan,preferably leucine at a position corresponding to position 1705-1707 ofthe nucleotide sequence of the B. vulgaris ALS gene shown in SEQ ID NO:1, and containing one (in case of diploidy) or more further alleles (incase of polyploidy) having one or more further mutations in theendogenous ALS gene.

Accordingly, when used herein the term “heterozygous” or“heterozygously” means that a plant of the present invention hasdifferent alleles at a particular locus, in particular at the ALS genelocus.

“Homozygous” or “homozygously” indicates that a plant of the presentinvention has two copies of the same allele on different DNA strands, inparticular at the ALS gene locus.

As used herein unless clearly indicated otherwise, the term “plant”intended to mean a plant at any developmental stage.

It is preferred that the Beta vulgaris plant of the present invention isorthoploid or anorthoploid. An orthoploid plant may preferably behaploid, diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octaploid, decaploid ordodecaploid, while an anorthoploid plant may preferably be triploid orpentaploid.

Parts of plants may be attached to or separate from a whole intactplant. Such parts of a plant include, but are not limited to, organs,tissues, and cells of a plant, and preferably seeds.

Accordingly, the B. vulgaris plant of the present invention isnon-transgenic as regards an endogenous ALS gene. Of course, foreigngenes can be transferred to the plant either by genetic engineering orby conventional methods such as crossing. Said genes can be genesconferring herbicide tolerances, preferably conferring herbicidetolerances different from ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerances, genesimproving yield, genes improving resistances to biological organisms,and/or genes concerning content modifications.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for themanufacture of the Beta vulgaris plant and the parts thereof, comprisingthe following steps:

-   (a) exposing calli, preferably from sugar beet, to about 10⁷ M-10⁻⁹    M of an ALS inhibitor herbicide, preferably foramsulfuron;-   (b) selecting cell colonies which can grow in the presence of up to    3×10⁻⁶ M of an ALS inhibitor herbicide, preferably foramsulfuron    [CAS RN 173159-57-4];-   (c) regenerating shoots in presence of an ALS inhibitor herbicide,    preferably foramsulfuron;-   (d) selecting regenerated plantlets with an ALS inhibitor herbicide,    preferably foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium [CAS RN    144550-36-7] and/or a mixture of both, wherein the dose of    foramsulfuron is preferably equivalent to 7-70 g a.i./ha and the    dose of iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium is preferably equivalent to 1-10    g a.i./ha.

In a further aspect, the regenerated plantlets obtained according to theprocesses (a) to (d) above, can be employed for further manufacture ofBeta vulgaris plants by applying the following steps (e) to (m):

-   (e) vegetative micropropagation of individual plantlets of step (d)    to rescue different positive variants by establishing a cell line    (clone) of each ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant plantlet;-   (f) longterm storage of each established clone in the vegetative    state;-   (g) transfer of cloned plants of each clone from the long term    storage into the greenhouse;-   (h) vernalisation and adaptation in vernalisation chambers to induce    flowering;-   (i) transfer of vernalised plants to growth rooms (controlled    temperature and light);-   (j) select best pollen shedding plants of best flowering clones for    crossing with emasculated plants of an elite but ALS inhibitor    herbicide sensitive line to overcome the negative impact of    somaclonal variation on the generative fertility (male and female)    of plantlets of step (d);-   (k) backcross to elite line until fertility is restored and finally    self heterozygous plants to reach the homozygous state;-   (l) produce testcrosses with an ALS inhibitor herbicide-sensitive    partner and selfed seed of each backcrossed line for field    evaluations;-   (m) applying agronomically relevant dose rates of different ALS    inhibitor herbicides to select the best performing line, preferably    in its homozygous state.

The lines obtained according to above steps (a) to (m) form the basisfor the development of commercial varieties following procedures knownin the breeding community supported by molecular breeding techniques(like marker assisted breeding or marker assisted selection) forspeeding up the processes and to secure the correct selection of plantsto either obtain the mutation in its homozygous form or in case ofcontaining one or more mutations at various locations of the ALSencoding endogenous gene to perform the correct selection ofheterozygous plants that do contain at least at one of the alleles theW569 mutation according to present invention. (For review, see BertrandC. Y. et al. (2008), Phil. Trans. R. Soc, B., 363, 557-572) Calli areobtained by means and methods commonly known in the art, for example, asdescribed in the appended Examples.

Seeds obtained under step (m), above, have been deposited with theNCIMB, Aberdeen, UK, under Number NCIMB 41705.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method forproducing an herbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris plant and parts thereofcomprising (i) a mutation of an endogenous acetolactate synthase (ALS)gene, wherein the ALS gene encodes an ALS polypeptide containing anamino acid different from tryptophan at a position 569 of the ALSpolypeptide, and (ii) an additional mutation in the endogenous ALS gene,comprising the following steps:

-   -   (a) producing an ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris        plant comprising a mutation of an endogenous acetolactate        synthase (ALS) gene, wherein the ALS gene encodes an ALS        polypeptide containing an amino acid different from tryptophan        at a position 569 of the ALS polypeptide (parent A);    -   (b) crossing parent A with a Beta vulgaris plant (parent B)        containing one or more further mutations in the endogenous ALS        gene at positions differing from amino acid position 569;    -   (c) obtaining a Beta vulgaris progeny that is heterozygous for        the ALS gene mutation of amino acid position 569 and to one or        more of any further ALS gene mutations encoded by parent B;    -   (d) wherein the breeding process is controlled by        -   (i) the application of marker assisted breeding and/or            microsequencing techniques, and/or        -   (ii) the application of agronomically relevant doses of one            or more ALS inhibitor herbicides to which the generated            progeny according to step (c) are tolerant.

Accordingly, it is envisaged that the present invention also relates toB. vulgaris plants obtainable by the aforementioned methods ofmanufacture.

In a non-limiting example, sugar beet plants of the present inventionwere obtained by performing the following non-limiting protocol. Withoutbeing bound by theory, the same protocol may be used for obtaining B.vulgaris plants other than sugar beet.

Sugar beet cell cultures were initiated from seedlings of a diploidsugar beet genotype 7T9044 (as, for example, described by AlexanderDovzhenko, PhD Thesis, Title: “Towards plastid transformation inrapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)”,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Germany, 2001). Sugar beet seedswere immersed for 60 seconds in 70% ethanol, then rinsed twice insterile water with 0.01% detergent and then incubated for 1-4 hours in1% NaOCl bleach. Thereafter the seeds were washed 3 times with sterileH₂O and the seeds were stored in sterile water overnight at 4° C. Theembryos were then isolated using forceps and scalpel.

The freshly prepared embryos were immersed in 0.5% NaOCl for 30 min andthen washed 3 times in sterile water. After the last washing step theywere placed on hormone free MS agar medium (Murashige and Skoog (1962),Physiol. Plantarum, 15, 473-497). Those embryos which developed intosterile seedlings were used for the initiation of regenerable sugar beetcell cultures.

Cotyledons as well as hypocotyls were cut into 2-5 mm long segments andthen cultivated on agar (0.8%) solidified MS medium containing either 1mg/l Benzylaminopurine (BAP) or 0.25 mg/l Thidiazuron (TDZ). 4 weekslater the developing shoot cultures were transferred onto fresh agarmedium of the same composition and then sub-cultured in monthlyintervals. The cultures were kept at 25° C. under dim light at a 12 h/12h light/dark cycle.

After 7-10 subcultures the shoot cultures which were grown on thethidiazuron containing medium formed a distinct callus type, which wasfast growing, soft and friable. The colour of this callus type wasyellowish to light green. Some of these friable calli consistentlyproduced chlorophyll containing shoot primordia from embryo-likestructures. These fast growing regenerable calli were used for theselection of ALS-inhibitor herbicide tolerant sugar beet mutants.

When this callus type was exposed to 10⁻⁹ M of the sulfonylureaforamsulfuron (CAS RN 173159-57-4), the cells survived, but producedless than 50% of the biomass of their siblings on medium devoid of theinhibitor. On medium containing 3×10⁻⁸ M foramsulfuron no growth wasdetectable. For large scale mutant selection experiments 10⁻⁷ Mforamsulfuron was chosen. Surviving and growing cell colonies werenumbered and transferred after 4-6 weeks onto fresh medium containing3×10⁻⁷ M of the inhibitor. One of these cell colonies was able to grownot only at this concentration of the inhibitor but even in presence of3×10⁻⁶ M of foramsulfuron. From this clone (SB574TL), shoots wereregenerated in presence of the ALS-inhibitor herbicide and then theshoots were transferred to MS medium containing 0.05 mg/l Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

Within 4-12 weeks the shoots formed roots and then they were transferredinto sterile plant containers filled with wet, sterilized perlite,watered with half strength MS inorganic ingredients. Alternatively theplantlets were transferred directly from the agar solidified medium in aperlite containing soil mixture in the greenhouse. During the first10-15 days after transfer into soil containing substrate the plants werekept in an environment with high air humidity. During and after theywere weaned to normal greenhouse air humidity regimes the plants werekept in the greenhouse under artificial light (12 h) at 20+−3° C./15+−2°C. day/night temperatures.

3-5 weeks later, the regenerated plants from the above obtainedforamsulfuron tolerant cell culture (SB574TL) as well as from the wildtype cell cultures were treated with foramsulfuron,iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (CAS RN 144550-3-7) and a mixture of bothactive ingredients. The herbicide doses tested were equivalent to 7-70 ga.i./ha for foramsulfuron and 1-10 g a.i./ha foriodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Regenerated plants from this tolerant cellline tolerated even the highest herbicide doses (foramsulfuron,iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium and their mixtures in the ratio 7:1 whereaseven the lowest doses killed the wild type plants.

Offsprings were tested as follows (in a non-limiting way):

Based on SB574TL, F2 and F3 seeds of experimental hybrids conferring theresistance allele in the heterozygous state as well as F4-F6 seedsconferring the mutant allele in the homozygous state were sown in thefield and treated with foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium as wellas with mixtures of both ALS inhibitor herbicides when the plantsdeveloped 3-5 rosette leaves. The homozygous seedlings toleratedmixtures of 35 g foramsulfuron/ha+7 g iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/hawithout growth retardation or any signs of visible damage. In severalcases, heterozygous lines showed signs of retarded growth and some leafchlorosis at these rates, but they recovered within 3-5 weeks, whereasthe conventional sugar beet seedlings were killed by the ALS inhibitorherbicides.

The ALS mutants were characterized as follows:

Extraction and nucleic acid sequence analysis of the obtained mutant wasperformed by LGC Genomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany according to amendedstandard protocols.

The nucleic acid sequence obtained from the sugar beet mutant SB574TL isshown in SEQ ID NO: 3. SEQ ID NO: 4 represents the corresponding aminoacid sequence, whereas SEQ ID NO: 1 was obtained after sequencing thewild type sugar beet plant that was taken as the starting material. SEQID NO: 2 represents the corresponding amino acid sequence of the wildtype sugar beet.

Comparison of all these sequences shows up that there is only themutation at position 574 but no other change took place at any otherpart of this endogenous ALS gene.

(1) SEQ ID No 1ATGGCGGCTACCTTCACAAACCCAACATTTTCCCCTTCCTCAACTCCATTAACCAAAACC (1)SEQ ID No 3 ATGGCGGCTACCTTCACAAACCCAACATTTTCCCCTTCCTCAACTCCATTAACCAAAACC(61) SEQ ID No 1CTAAAATCCCAATCTTCCATCTCTTCAACCCTCCCCTTTTCCACCCCTCCCAAAACCCCA (61)SEQ ID No 3 CTAAAATCCCAATCTTCCATCTCTTCAACCCTCCCCTTTTCCACCCCTCCCAAAACCCCA(121) SEQ ID No 1ACTCCACTCTTTCACCGTCCCCTCCAAATCTCATCCTCCCAATCCCACAAATCATCCGCC (121)SEQ ID No 3 ACTCCACTCTTTCACCGTCCCCTCCAAATCTCATCCTCCCAATCCCACAAATCATCCGCC(181) SEQ ID No 1ATTAAAACACAAACTCAAGCACCTTCTTCTCCAGCTATTGAAGATTCATCTTTCGTTTCT (181)SEQ ID No 3 ATTAAAACACAAACTCAAGCACCTTCTTCTCCAGCTATTGAAGATTCATCTTTCGTTTCT(241) SEQ ID No 1CGATTTGGCCCTGATGAACCCAGAAAAGGGTCCGATGTCCTCGTTGAAGCTCTTGAGCGT (241)SEQ ID No 3 CGATTTGGCCCTGATGAACCCAGAAAAGGGTCCGATGTCCTCGTTGAAGCTGTTGAGCGT(301) SEQ ID No 1GAAGGTGTTACCAATGTGTTTGCTTACCCTGGTGGTGCATCTATGGAAATCCACCAAGCT (301)SEQ ID No 3 GAAGGTGTTACCAATGTGTTTGCTTACCCTGGTGGTGCATCTATGGAAATCCACCAAGCT(361) SEQ ID No 1CTCACACGCTCTAAAACCATCCGCAATGTCCTCCCTCGCCATGAACAAGGCGGGGTTTTC (361)SEQ ID No 3 CTCACACGCTCTAAAACCATCCGCAATGTCCTCCCTCGCCATGAACAAGGCGGGGTTTTC(421) SEQ ID No 1GCCGCCGAGGGATATGCTAGAGCTACTGGAAAGGTTGGTGTCTGCATTGCGACTTCTGGT (421)SEQ ID No 3 GCCGCCGAGGGATATGCTAGAGCTACTGGAAAGGTTGGTGTCTGCATTGCGACTTCTGGT(481) SEQ ID No 1CCTGGTGCTACCAACCTCGTATCAGGTCTTGCTGACGCTCTCCTTGATTCTGTCCCTCTT (481)SEQ ID No 3 CCTGGTGCTACCAACCTCGTATCAGGTCTTGCTGACGCTCTCCTTGATTCTGTCCCTCTT(541) SEQ ID No 1GTTGCCATCACTGGCCAAGTTCCACGCCGTATGATTGGCACTGATGCTTTTCAGGAGACT (541)SEQ ID No 3 GTTGCCATCACTGGCCAAGTTCCACGCCGTATGATTGGCACTGATGCTTTTCAGGAGACT(601) SEQ ID No 1CCAATTGTTGAGGTGACTTAGGTCTATTACTAAGCATAATTATTTAGTTTTGGATGTAGAG (601)SEQ ID No 3 CCAATTGTTGAGGTGACAAGGTCTATTAGTAAGCATAATTATTTAGTTTTGGATGTAGAG(661) SEQ ID No 1GATATTCCTAGAATTGTTAAGGAAGCCTTTTTTTTAGCTAATTCTGGTAGGCCTGGACCT (661)SEQ ID No 3 GATATTCCTAGAATTGTTAAGGAAGCCTTTTTTTTAGCTAATTCTGGTAGGCCTGGACCT(721) SEQ ID No 1GTTTTGATTGATCTTCCTAAAGATATTCAGCAGCAATTGGTTGTTCCTGATTGGGATAGG (721)SEQ ID No 3 GTTTTGATTGATCTTCCTAAAGATATTCAGCAGCAATTGGTTGTTCCTGATTGGGATAGG(781) SEQ ID No 1CCTTTTAAGTTGGGTGGGTATATGTCTAGGCTGCCAAAGTCCAAGTTTTCGAGAATGAG (781)SEQ ID No 3 CCTTTTAAGTTGGGTGGGTATATGTCTAGGCTGCCAAAGTCCAAGTTTTCGACGAATGAG(841) SEQ ID No 1GTTGGACTTCTTGAGCAGATTGTGAGTTGATGAGTGAGTCGAAGLAAGCCTGTCTTGTAT (841)SEQ ID No 3 GTTGGACTTCTTGAGCAGATTGTGAGTTGATGAGTGAGTCGAAGLAAGCCTGTCTTGTAT(901) SEQ ID No 1GTGGGAGGTGGGTGTTTGAATTCTAGTGAGGAGTTGAGGAGATTTGTTGAGTTGACAGGG (901)SEQ ID No 3 GTGGGAGGTGGGTGTTTGAATTCTAGTGAGGAGTTGAGGAGATTTGTTGAGTTGACAGGG(961) SEQ ID No 1ATTCCGGTGGCTAGTACTTTGATGGGGTTGGGGTCTTACCCTTGTAATGATGAACTGTCT (961)SEQ ID No 3 ATTCCGGTGGCTAGTACTTTGATGGGGTTGGGGTCTTACCCTTGTAATGATGAACTGTCT(1021) SEQ ID No 1CTTCATATGTTGGGGATGCACGGGACTGTTTATGCCAATTATGCGGTGGATAAGGCGGAT (1021)SEQ ID No 3 CTTCATATGTTGGGGATGCACGGGACTGTTTATGCCAATTATGCGGTGGATAAGGCGGAT(1081) SEQ ID No 1TTGTTGCTTGCTTTCGGGGTTAGGTTTGATGATCGTGTGACCGGGAAGCTCGAGGCGTTT (1081)SEQ ID No 3 TTGTTGCTTGCTTTCGGGGTTAGGTTTGATGATCGTGTGAGCGGGAAGCTCGAGGCGTTT(1141) SEQ ID No 1GCTAGCCGTGCTAAGATTGTGCATATTGATATTGACTCTGCTGAGATTGGGAAGAACAAG (1141)SEQ ID No 3 GCTAGCCGTGCTAAGATTGTGCATATTGATATTGACTCTGCTGAGATTGGGAAGAACAAG(1201) SEQ ID No 1CAGCCCCATGTGTCCATTTGTGCTGATGTTAAATTGGCATTGCGGGGTATGAATAAGATT (1201)SEQ ID No 3 CAGCCCCATGTGTCCATTTGTGCTGATGTTAAATTGGCATTGCGGGGTATGAATAAGATT(1261) SEQ ID No 1CTGGAGTCTAGAATAGGGAAGCTGAATTTGGATTTCTCCAAGTGGAGAGAAGAATTAGGT (1261)SEQ ID No 3 CTGGAGTCTAGAATAGGGAAGCTGAATTTGGATTTCTCCAAGTGGAGAGAAaAATTAGGT(1321) SEQ ID No 1GAGCAGAAGAAGGAATTCCCACTGAGTTTTAAGACATTTGGGGATGCAATTCCTCCACAA (1321)SEQ ID No 3 GAGCAGAAGAAGGAATTCCCACTGAGTTTTAAGACATTTGGGGATGCAATTCCTCCACAA(1381) SEQ ID No 1TATGCCATTCAGGTGCTTGATGAGTTGACCAATGGTAATGCTATTATAAGTACTGGTGTT (1381)SEQ ID No 3 TATGCCATTCAGGTGCTTGATGAGTTGACCAATGGTAATGCTATTATAAGTACTGGTGTT(1441) SEQ ID No 1GGGCAGCACCAAATCTGGGCTGCGCAGCATTAAAAGTACAGAAACCCTCGCCAATGGCTG (1441)SEQ ID No 3 GGGCAGCACCAAATGTGGGCTGCGCAGCATTAAAAGTACAGAAACCCTCGCCAATGGCTG(1501) SEQ ID No 1ACCTCTGGTGGGTTGGGGGCTATGGGGTTTGGGCTACCAGCCGCCATTGGAGCTGCAGTT (1501)SEQ ID No 3 ACCTCTGGTGGGTTGGGGGCTATGGGGTTTGGGCTACCAGCCGCCATTGGAGCTGCAGTT(1561) SEQ ID No 1GCTCGACCAGATGCAGTGGTTGTCGATATTGATGGGGATGGCACTTTTATTATGAATGTT (1561)SEQ ID No 3 GCTCGACCAGATGCAGTGGTTGTCGATATTGATGGGGATGGCAGTTTTATTATGAATGTT(1621) SEQ ID No 1CAAGAGTTGGCTACAATTAGGGTGGAAAATCTCCCAGTTAAGATAATGCTGCTAAACAAT (1621)SEQ ID No 3 CAAGAGTTGGCTACAATTAGGGTGGAAAATCTCCCAGTTAAGATAATGCTGCTAAACAAT(1681) SEQ ID No 1CAACATTTAGGTATGGTTGTCCAATGGGAAGATAGGTTCTATAAAGCTAACCGGGCACAT (1681)SEQ ID No 3 CAACATTTAGGTATGGTTGTCCAATTGGAAGATAGGTTCTATAAAGCTAACCGGGCACAT(1741) SEQ ID No 1ACATACCTTGGAAACCCTTCCAAATCTGCTGATATCTTCCCTGATATGCTCAAATTCGCT (1741)SEQ ID No 3 ACATACCTTGGAAACCCTTCCAAATCTGCTGATATCTTCCCTGATATGCTCAAATTCGCT(1801) SEQ ID No 1GAGGCATGTGATATTCCTTCTGCCCGTGTTAGCAACGTGGCTGATTTGAGGGCCGCCATT (1801)SEQ ID No 3 GAGGCATGTGATATTCCTTCTGCCCGTGTTAGCAACGTGGCTGATTTGAGGGCCGCCATT(1861) SEQ ID No 1CAAACAATGTTGGATACTCCAGGGCCGTACCTGCTCGATGTGATTGTACCGCATCAAGAG (1861)SEQ ID No 3 CAAACAATGTTGGATACTCCAGGGCCGTACCTGCTCGATGTGATTGTACCGCATCAAGAG(1921) SEQ ID No 1CATGTGTTGCCTATGATTCCAAGTGGTGCCGGTTTCAAGGATACCATTACAGAGGGTGAT (1921)SEQ ID No 3 CATGTGTTGCCTATGATTCCAAGTGGTGCCGGTTTCAAGGATACCATTACAGAGGGTGAT(1981) SEQ ID No 1 GGAAGAACCTCTTATTGA (1981) SEQ ID No 3GGAAGAACCTCTTATTGA (1) SEQ ID No. 2MAATFTNPTFSPSSTPLTHTLKSQSSISSTLPFSTPPKTPTPLFHRPLQISSSQSHKSSA (1)SEQ ID No. 4MAATFTNPTFSPSSTPLTHTLKSQSSISSTLPFSTPPKTPTPLFHRPLQISSSQSHKSSA (61)SEQ ID No. 2IKTQTQAPSSPAIEDSSFVSRFGPDEPRKGSDVLVEALEREGVTNVFAYPGGASMEIHQA (61)SEQ ID No. 4IKTQTQAPSSPAIEDSSFVSRFGPDEFRKGSDVLVEALEREGVTNVFAYPGGASMEIHQA (121)SEQ ID No. 2LTRSKTIRNVLPRHEQGGVFAAEGYARATGKVGVCIATSGPGATNLVSGLADALLDSVPL (121)SEQ ID No. 4LTRSKTIRNVLPRHEQGGVFAAEGYARATGKVGVCIATSGPGATNLVSGLADALLDSVPL (181)SEQ ID No. 2VAITGQVPRRMIGTDAFQETPIVEVTRSITKHNYLVLDVEDIPRIVKEAFFLANSGRPGP (181)SEQ ID No. 4VAITGQVPRRMIGTDAFQETPIVEVTRSITKHNYLVLDVEDIPRIVKEAFFLANSGRPGP (241)SEQ ID No. 2VLIDLPKDIQQQLVVPDWDRPFKLGGYMSRLPKSKFSTNEVGLLEQIVRLMSESKKPVLY (241)SEQ ID No. 4VLIDLPKDIQQQLVVPDWDRPFKLGGYMSRLPKSKFSTNEVGLLEQIVRLMSESKKPVLY (301)SEQ ID No. 2VGGGCLNSSEELRRFVELTGIPVASTLMGLGSYPCNDELSLHMLGMHGTVYANYAVDKAD (301)SEQ ID No. 4VGGGCLNSSEELRRFVELTGIPVASTLMGLGSYPCNDELSLHMLGMHGTVYANYAVDKAD (361)SEQ ID No. 2LLLAFGVRFDDRVTGKLEAFASRAKIVHIDIDSAEIGKNKQPKVSICADVKLALRGMNKI (361)SEQ ID No. 4LLLAFGVRFDDRVTGKLEAFASPAKIVHIDIDSAEIGKNKQPHVSICADVKLALRGMNKI (421)SEQ ID No. 2LESRIGKLNLDFSKWREELGEQKKEFPLSFKTFGDAIPPQYAIQVLDELTNGNAIISTGV (421)SEQ ID No. 4LESRIGKLNLDFSKWRESLGEQKKEFPLSFKTFGDAIPPQYAIQVLDELTNGNAIISTGV (481)SEQ ID No. 2GQHQMWAAQHYKYRNPRQWLTSGGLGAMGFGLPAAIGAAVARPDAVVVDIDGDGSFIMNV (481)SEQ ID No. 4GQHQMWAAQKYKYRNPRQWLT3GGLGAMGFGLPAAIGAAVARPDAVVVDIDGDGSFIMNV (541)SEQ ID No. 2QELATIRVENLFVKIMLLNNQHLGMVVQWEDRFYKANRAHTYLGNPSKSADIFFDMLKFA (541)SEQ ID No. 4QELATIRVENLFVKIMLLNNQHLGMVVQLEDRFYKANRAHTYLGNPSKSADIFFDMLKFA (601)SEQ ID No. 2EACDIPSARVSNVADLRAAIQTMLDTPGPYLLDVIVPHQEHVLPMIPSGAGFKDTITEGD (601)SEQ ID No. 4EACDIPSARVSNVADLRAAIQTMLDTPGPYLLDVIVPHQEHVLPMIPSGAGFKDTITEGD (661)SEQ ID No. 2 GRTSY- (661) SEQ ID No. 4 GRTSY-

Yet, it is generally preferred that the B. vulgaris plants of thepresent invention and parts thereof are agronomically exploitable.“Agronomically exploitable” means that the B. vulgaris plants and partsthereof are useful for agronomical purposes. For example, the B.vulgaris plants should serve for the purpose of being useful for sugarproduction, bio fuel production (such as biogas, biobutanol), ethanolproduction, betaine and/or uridine production. The term “agronomicallyexploitable” when used herein also includes that the B. vulgaris plantsof the present invention are preferably less sensitive against anALS-inhibitor herbicide, more preferably it is at least 100 times lesssensitive, more preferably, 500 times, even more preferably 1000 timesand most preferably less than 2000 times. The ALS inhibitor herbicide isone or more described herein, preferably it is foramsulfuron eitheralone or in combination with one or more further ALS-inhibitorherbicide(s) either from the sub-class of the sulfonyurea herbicides orany other sub-class of the ALS-inhibitor herbicides, most preferably itis foramsulfuron in combination with a further sulfonylurea herbicideand/or an ALS-inhibitor of the sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinoneherbicide sub-class.

Preferably, agronomically exploitable B. vulgaris plants, mostpreferably sugar beet plants, of the present invention are fullyfertile, more preferably have wild-type fertility. Fertility is ofutmost importance for a B. vulgaris plant of the present invention inorder to be agronomically exploitable.

An example for an agronomically exploitable B. vulgaris plant is sugarbeet. A sugar beet plant of the present invention when cultivated in anarea of one hectare yields (about 80,000 to 90,000 sugar beets) shouldpreferably serve for the production of at least 4 tons of sugar.

Alternatively, a sugar beet plant of the present invention shouldpreferably contain a sugar content between 15-20%, preferably at least17% so as to be agronomically exploitable. Thus, sugar beet plants thatcontain a sugar content between 15-20%, preferably at least 17% are apreferred embodiment of the present invention.

Plants of the present invention can be identified using any genotypicanalysis method. Genotypic evaluation of the plants includes usingtechniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment LengthPolymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs),Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Allele-specificPCR (AS-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), SequenceCharacterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment LengthPolymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are alsoreferred to as “Microsatellites”. Additional compositions and methodsfor analyzing the genotype of the plants provided herein include thosemethods disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2004/0171027, U.S. PublicationNo. 2005/02080506, and U.S. Publication No. 2005/0283858.

Another aspect of the present invention is the use of the Beta vulgarisplant described herein and/or the harvestable parts or propagationmaterial described herein for the manufacture/breeding of Beta vulgarisplants. Methods for the manufacture/breeding of B. vulgaris plants aredescribed herein elsewhere. Such manufacture/breeding methods may beused to generate B. vulgaris plants of the present invention furthercomprising novel plant traits such as stress-resistance, like but notlimited to drought, heat, cold, or salt stress and the like.

In a still further aspect, the present invention envisages the use ofthe herbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris plant described herein and/orharvestable parts or propagation material derived thereof in a screeningmethod for the selection of ALS inhibitor herbicides.

A better understanding of the present invention and of its manyadvantages will be had from the following examples, offered forillustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe present invention in any way.

Example 1: Mutant Isolation

Sugar beet cell cultures were initiated from seedlings of a diploidsugar beet genotype 7T9044 (as, for example, described by AlexanderDovzhenko, PhD Thesis, Title: “Towards plastid transformation inrapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)”,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Germany, 2001).

Sugar beet seeds were immersed for 60 seconds in 70% ethanol, thenrinsed twice in sterile water with 0.01% detergent and then incubatedfor 1-4 hours in 1% NaOCl bleach. Thereafter the seeds were washed 3times with sterile H₂O and the seeds were stored in sterile H₂Oovernight at 4° C. The embryos were then isolated using forceps andscalpel.

The freshly prepared embryos were immersed in 0.5% NaOCl for 30 min andthen washed 3 times in sterile H₂O. After the last washing step theywere placed on hormone free MS agar medium (Murashige and Skoog (1962),Physiol. Plantarum, 15, 473-497). Those embryos which developed intosterile seedlings were used for the initiation of regenerable sugar beetcell cultures.

Cotyledons as well as hypocotyls were cut into 2-5 mm long segments andthen cultivated on agar (0.8%) solidified MS agar medium containingeither 1 mg/l Benzylaminopurin (BAP) or 0.25 mg/l Thidiazuron (TDZ). 4weeks later the developing shoot cultures were transferred onto fresh MSagar medium of the same composition and then sub-cultured in monthlyintervals. The cultures were kept at 25° C. under dim light at a 12 h/12h light/dark cycle.

After 7-10 days, subcultures the shoot cultures which were grown on thethidiazuron containing medium formed a distinct callus type, which wasfast growing, soft and friable. The colour of this callus type wasyellowish to light green. Some of these friable calli consistentlyproduced chlorophyll containing shoot primordia from embryo-likestructures. These fast growing regenerable calli were used for theselection of ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant sugar beet mutants.

When this callus type was exposed to 10⁻⁹ M of the ALS inhibitorherbicide foramsulfuron (belonging to the sulfonylurea subclass, seeabove), the cells survived, but produced less than 50% of the biomass oftheir siblings on medium devoid of the inhibitor. On medium containing3×10⁻⁸ M foramsulfuron no growth was detectable. For large scale mutantselection experiments, 10⁻⁷ M foramsulfuron was chosen. Surviving andgrowing cell colonies were numbered and transferred after 4-6 weeks ontofresh medium containing 3×10⁻⁷ M of the inhibitor. One of these cellcolonies was able to grow not only at this concentration of theinhibitor but even in presence of 3×10⁻⁸ M of foramsulfuron.

From this clone (SB574TL), shoots were regenerated in presence of theALS inhibitor herbicide, and then the shoots were transferred to MSmedium containing 0.05 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA).

Within 4-12 weeks the shoots formed roots and then they were transferredinto sterile plant containers filled with wet, sterilized perlite,watered with half strength MS inorganic ingredients. Alternatively theplantlets were transferred directly from the agar solidified medium in aperlite containing soil mixture in the greenhouse. During the first10-15 days after transfer into soil containing substrate the plants werekept in an environment with high air humidity. During and after theywere weaned to normal greenhouse air humidity regimes the plants werekept in the greenhouse under artificial light (12 h) at 20+−3° C./15+−2°C. day/night temperatures. 3-5 weeks later, the regenerated plants fromthe above obtained foramsulfuron tolerant cell culture (SB574TL) as wellas from the wild type cell cultures were treated with foramsulfuron,iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (CAS RN 144550-3-7) and a mixture of bothactive ingredients. The herbicide doses tested were equivalent to 7-70 ga.i./ha for foramsulfuron and 1-10 g a.i./ha foriodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Regenerated plants from this tolerant cellline tolerated even the highest herbicide doses (foramsulfuron,iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium and their mixtures in the ratio 7:1 whereaseven the lowest doses killed the wild type plants.

Example 2: Test of Offsprings

Based on SB574TL, F2 and F3 seeds of experimental hybrids conferring theresistance allele in the heterozygous state as well as F4-F6 seedsconferring the mutant allele in the homozygous state were sown in thefield and treated with foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium as wellas with mixtures of both ALS inhibitor herbicides when the plantsdeveloped 3-5 rosette leaves. The homozygous seedlings toleratedmixtures of 35 g foramsulfuron/ha+7 g iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/hawithout growth retardation or any signs of visible damage. Heterozygouslines showed signs of retarded growth and some leaf chlorosis at theserates, but they recovered within 3-5 weeks, whereas the conventionalsugar beet seedlings were killed by the ALS inhibitor herbicides.

Example 3: Molecular Characterization of the Obtained Sugar Beet Mutant(SB574TL)

Extraction and nucleic acid sequence analysis of the obtained mutant wasperformed by LGC Genomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany according to amendedstandard protocols.

The nucleic acid sequence obtained from the sugar beet mutant SB574TL isshown under SEQ ID NO: 3 with SEQ ID NO: 4 representing thecorresponding amino acid sequence, whereas SEQ ID NO: 1 was obtainedafter sequencing the wild type sugar beet plant that was taken as thestarting material. SEQ ID NO: 2 represents the corresponding amino acidsequence of the wild type sugar beet.

Comparison of all these sequences clearly show up that there is only onemutation at position 569 but no other change took place at any otherpart of this endogenous ALS gene of this sugar beet plant material.

Example 4: Enzyme Activity Measurements

The coding sequences of Beta vulgaris wild-type and W574L-mutant(SB574TL) ALS gene were cloned into Novagen pET-32a(+) vectors and thevectors transformed into Escherichia coli AD494 according to theinstructions of the manufacturer. Bacteria were grown at 37° C. inLB-medium (Luria-Broth-medium) containing 100 mg/l carbenicillin and 25mg/l kanamycin, induced with 1 mM isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside atan OD₆₀₀ of 0.6, cultivated for 16 hours at 18° C. and harvested bycentrifugation. Bacterial pellets were resuspended in 100 mM sodiumphosphate buffer pH 7.0 containing 0.1 mM thiamine-pyrophosphate, 1 mMMgCl₂, and 1 μM FAD at a concentration of 1 gram wet weight per 25 ml ofbuffer and disrupted by sonification. The crude protein extract obtainedafter centrifugation was used for ALS activity measurements.

ALS assays were carried out in 96-well microtiter plates using amodification of the procedure described by Ray (1984). The reactionmixture contained 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0, 20 mM sodiumpyruvate, 0.45 mM thiamine-pyrophosphate, 0.45 mM MgCl₂, 9 μM FAD, ALSenzyme and various concentrations of ALS inhibitors in a final volume of90 μl. Assays were initiated by adding enzyme and terminated after 75min incubation at 30° C. by the addition of 40 μl 0.5 M H₂SO₄. After 60min at room temperature 80 μl of a solution of 1.4% a-naphthol and 0.14%creatine in 0.7 M NaOH was added and after an additional 45 minincubation at room temperature the absorbance was determined at 540 nm.pI50-values for inhibition of ALS were determined as described by Ray(1984), using the XLFit Excel add-in version 4.3.1 curve fitting programof ID Business Solutions Limited.

In total, the mutant enzyme was at least 2000 times less sensitiveagainst the ALS inhibitor foramsulfuron than the wild type enzyme.

Example 5: Enzyme Activity Measurements (from Plants)

ALS was extracted from sugar beet leaves or sugar beet tissue culturesas described by Ray (1984), Plant Physiol 75:827-831.

ALS activity was determined in leaf extracts of wild type and sugarbeets and leaf extracts of the obtained SB574TL in presence of variousconcentrations of foramsulfuron as described in Example 4.

In total, the mutant enzyme was at least 2000 times less sensitiveagainst the ALS inhibitor foramsulfuron than the wild type enzyme.

Example 6 Field Trials by Employing Homozygous ALS Inhibitor HerbicideTolerant Sugar Beet Plants

Based on SB574TL, F4-F6 seeds conferring the mutant allele of theendogenous ALS gene in the homozygous state were applied for furthertesting Plant seeds of the homozygous SB574TL mutant plants and those ofthe traditional variety KLARINA (commonly available ALS inhibitorsensitive reference sugar beet varieties, not having the respectivemutation at position 569 in its ALS protein.) were sown in the field andgrew up to various growth stages according to the BBCH standard (asdefined in the monographie “Entwicklungsstadien mono- und dikotylerPflanzen”, 2nd edition, 2001, ed. Uwe Meier, Biologische Bundesanstaltfor Land und Forstwirtschaft).

Afterwards the plants were treated with the respective ALS inhibitorherbicides as specified in Tables 1 below and which identical to thosebeing employed during the selection procedure.

The water quantity applied in the various applications equaled 200 l/ha.At 8, 14, and 28 days (as indicated in Table 1) after application (DAA)of the respective ALS inhibitor herbicide(s), the damages(phytotoxicity/phyto) on the different sugar beet plants were scoredaccording to the scale from 0% to 100%. In this context, “0%” means “nophytotoxicity/phyto” and “100%” means plants were completely killed.

TABLE 1 SB574TL SB574TL SB574TL Variety based sugar based sugar basedsugar characteristic KLARINA beet KLARINA beet KLARINA beet Stage ofBBCH 14 BBCH 14 BBCH 14 BBCH 14 BBCH 14 BBCH 14 application Rating %phyto % phyto % phyto % phyto % phyto % phyto Application- 8 days 8 days14 days 14 days 28 days 28 days Assessment interval Active substancegai/ha Foramsulfuron 25 85 0 83 0 86 0 g/ha Foramsulfuron 50 90 0 92 094 0 g/ha Iodosulfuron- 7 90 0 97 0 100 0 methyl-sodium g/ha

1. An ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant Beta vulgaris plant and partsthereof comprising a mutation of an endogenous acetolactate synthase(ALS) gene, wherein the ALS gene encodes an ALS polypeptide containingan amino acid different from tryptophan at a position 569 of the ALSpolypeptide.
 2. The Beta vulgaris plant and parts thereof according toclaim 1, in which the ALS polypeptide has at position 569 the amino acidalanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine,proline, valine, or arginine instead of the naturally encoded amino acidtryptophan.
 3. The Beta vulgaris plant and parts thereof according toclaim 1, wherein the ALS gene encodes an ALS polypeptide containing anamino acid different from tryptophan at a position 569 of the ALSpolypeptide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 2. 4. The Beta vulgarisplant and parts thereof according to claim 1, in which the amino acid isleucine and in which the endogenous ALS gene is identical to thenucleotide sequence defined by SEQ ID NO:
 3. 5. The Beta vulgaris plantand parts thereof according to claim 1, which are tolerant to one ormore ALS-inhibitor herbicides belonging to the group consisting ofsulfonylurea herbicides, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides,imidazolinone herbicides, triazolopyrimidine herbicides, andpyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate herbicides.
 6. The Beta vulgaris plant andparts thereof according to claim 1, which are homozygous for themutation of the endogenous acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene.
 7. Theparts of the Beta vulgaris plant according to claim 1, wherein the partsare organs, tissues, and cells of the plant, and preferably seeds. 8.Method for the manufacture of the Beta vulgaris plant and the partsthereof of claim 1, comprising the following steps: (a) exposing callifrom B. vulgaris, to about 10⁻⁷ M-10⁻⁹ M of an ALS inhibitor herbicide,preferably foramsulfuron; (b) selecting cell colonies which can grow inthe presence of up to 3×10⁻⁶ M of an ALS inhibitor herbicide, preferablyforamsulfuron; (c) regenerating shoots in presence of an ALS inhibitorherbicide, preferably foramsulfuron; (d) selecting regenerated plantletswith an ALS inhibitor herbicide, preferably foramsulfuron,iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium and/or a mixture of both, wherein the dose offoramsulfuron is preferably equivalent to 7-70 g a.i./ha and the dose ofiodosulfuron-methyl-sodium is preferably equivalent to 1-10 g a.i./ha.